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- Ayatollah Khomeini
- has become the
- symbol of the rise
- of Islamic funda-
- mentalism. The
- religious revolution
- he led in Iran has
- had a ripple effect
- around the world,
- and it seems clear
- that militant Islam
- is a force that
- will help to shape
- global politics in
- the 21st century
- #
- Iran was ruled until1979 by Mohammed Reza, the Shah of Iran. He was kept in
- power by American guns and money. His rule, with its emphasis on modernisation,
- westernisation and military power offended Iranians, religious and otherwise
- #
- Khomeini had been
- an opponent of the
- Shah since the
- Forties. He had
- opposed the Shah's
- westernisation as
- un-Islamic. In the
- Sixties he was
- arrested, sent to
- prison and driven
- into exile in Iraq.
- He finally took
- refuge in France
- in 1978. He orga-
- nised resistance
- to the Shah from
- the safety of Paris
- #
- In January 1979,
- the Shah was
- driven into exile,
- and Khomeini flew
- back from Paris
- to take power. In
- the first months,
- non-religious
- Iranians as well
- as hardline Muslim
- fundamentalists
- were hopeful for
- the new regime.
- Nearly all were
- glad to see the
- end of the Shah's
- decadent rule
- @
- In November 1979,
- students stormed
- the US embassy in
- Tehran, taking 100
- Americans hostage.
- They demanded the
- return of the Shah
- from the United
- States to face
- "Islamic justice".
- The hostages were
- held for 14 months.
- By the time they
- were released the
- Shah had died. Iran
- was denouncing the
- US as the "Great
- Satan", and the
- two countries
- had become bitter
- enemies
- #
- In 1980 the Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein took the opportunity to exploit the chaos in
- Iran by invading. There had been tension between Iran and her Arab neighbours for
- centuries. The war with Iraq lasted eight years and led to the death of one million
- Iranians. When it ended neither Iran or Iraq was able to claim victory
- #
- The revolution in
- Iran severely cur-
- tailed the rights of
- women. Few dared
- even show their
- faces. Stoning to
- death, crucifixion,
- flogging and amput-
- ation were common
- punishments for
- criminals and for
- political dissidents.
- According to Iranian
- clerics this was in
- line with Islamic
- law, but it outraged
- western opinion
- #
- Khomeini attempted
- to extend his autho-
- rity on religious
- matters beyond Iran.
- In 1989, soon before
- his death, he issued
- a fatwa (sentence
- of death) against
- the British writer
- Salman Rushdie.
- It was said that
- Rushdie's novel
- The Satanic Verses
- blasphemed against
- Mohammed. Muslims
- around the world
- railed against
- Rushdie, who was
- forced to go into
- hiding for fear of
- Iranian death squads
- #
- When Khomeini
- died, thousands
- upon thousands of
- Iranians turned out
- for the funeral. It
- turned into a mass
- orgy of grief. The
- Ayatollah's body
- was nearly dragged
- from its coffin by
- the crowds. He was
- the embodiment of
- the state, but the
- state did not fall
- without him. The
- leadership passed
- to men who were
- younger and more
- pragmatic in their
- attitude to the
- Iranian revolution
- #
- After Khomeini's
- death, Iran seemed
- to seek compromise
- with the west. But
- the flames which
- Khomeini had fanned
- are still burning,
- and even in death
- he continues to
- inspire Islamic
- fundamentalists
- in the Middle East
- and in other Muslim
- communities both
- East and West
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